During the two years after participating in the August 1969 recording sessions for Mile Davis' seminal album, Bitches Brew, Chick had participated in the recording of many diverse albums--from Miles Davis' live albums to Wayne Shorter and Larry Coryell's experimental First Wave Fusion albums Supernova and Spaces, respectively, but more, he chose to hang around his more steadfast jazz compatriots Jack DeJohnette, Dave Holland, Eric Kloss, Joe Farrell, and Gary Burton. Return to Forever marked his own first foray into true j-R-F as a bandleader.

1. "Return to Forever" (12:06) now I know where the idea for The Northettes (and other Canterbury female vocals) came from! Flora Purim's angelic and ethereal wordless vocalese performs as if another instrument in the weave with Chick's Fender Rhodes, Stanley Clarke's fairly-untreated electric bass, Airto Moreira's classical jazz drumming, and Joe Farrell's background flutes. (24/25) 2. "Crystal Silence" (6:59) a beautiful Fender Rhodes song that features the respectful and only intermittent inputs of Joe Farrell's soprano sax and Airto Moreira's shakers and bells--a song that would be expanded upon significantly with vibraphonist Gary Burton on the album of the same name that would come out later in the same year. (14.5/15)

3. "What Games Shall We Play Today?" (4:30) a gentle Latin-bossa nova light (reminding me of Burt Bacharach/Hal David's "Do You Know the Way to San Jose?") with Flora actually singing over the Fender Rhodes, Latin drums and bass lines and BOB JAMES-like keyboard and flute melodies. A light, innocuous song illustrating Chick's pop capabilities. (8.875/10)

4. "Sometime Ago / La Fiesta" (23:13) the whole of Side Two is occupied by this sprawling tune--a -part suite that starts out with Chick's vibrating Fender Rhodes being reacted to from the right side by Stanley's gentle, respectful double bass play. Eventually, in the third minute, Chick backs off to allow Stanley some solo time bowing his bass. Then Joe Farrell's flute and Airto's full drum kit get into the act for a couple minutes of more active, full-ensemble play until things begin being dismantled at the end of the seventh minute. By 7:30 a new more Latin/Brasilian motif starts up over which in the ninth minute Flora Purim begins singing (a rather simple, cheesy English lyric--which makes me wonder how beautiful this might have been had it been sung in Flora's native Portuguese tongue). Both Chick and Joe continue mirroring and creating variations on the main melody that Flora's vocal uses (rather rigidly, I might add). Both are creative but never really getting very daring--until, finally, the 12th minute when Chick and Airto seem to egg one another on--sweeping Joe up into the frenzy (with piccolo?). Overall, this light and delightful second movement lasts for about six minutes before there is a slow down and return to Chick's solo Fender Rhodes, tout seul. For the next couple of minutes he continues to gently, introspectively explore the main melody that he, Flora, and Joe had just been using before a slow down and complete stop at 15:25 signals an opportunity for the whole band to jump back in with a more percussive Latinized version of the four chord vamp they'd been using, this time with Joe playing his soprano sax up front. At 7:18 the whole key signature shifts and with it the melody line, now sounding much more aligned to a different, more Spanish theme and melody (Olé!)--but the shift was so subtle! If you weren't paying attention you might not even notice it! Joe swoops and soars covering the entire octaval capacity of his sax until the 20th minute when the band pretty much comes together to carry the melody together. Then Chick, Airto, and Stanley switch into a different kind of style while maintaining their carry of the same melody (basically), giving Joe a break for a minute. Stanley is walking all over that fretboard and Chick is really hammering and tickling his keys. Then Flora's hand percussion and Joe's sax step back in to liven up the final 90 seconds. Fun, melodic, sophisticated, though not as individually flashy as future RTF albums. (41/45)

Total Time 46:48

An album that really explored the more spacious, contemplative potential of the newly emerging wave of Jazz-Rock Fusion, Chick used his Return To Forever project as a means to exploring his curiosities with the world of electrified instruments and emerging new sound treatments--as well as some of his fire and vigor.

A/five stars; despite the feeling that these guys are just getting into their exploration and exhibition of Jazz-Rock Fusion, the music here is so melodious and the musicianship so high (though never mind-blowing as the future RTF individuals would display) this is truly a masterpiece of First or Second Wave Jazz-Rock Fusion. (First for the exploration of "uncharted territory," second for the use of forms and sounds that are already being explored by others--like Weather Report.)

Recorded in December of 1970, this was Ian Carr's relatively-new "jazz-rock fusion" project's third album release (though many cite Chris Spedding's Ian-Carr-less album from 1970, Songs Without Words as another Nucleus album, which would make Solar Plexus the band's fourth release). Here we see the final appearance on Nucleus/Ian Carr albums of Karl Jenkins, Chris Spedding, Jeff Clyne, and drummer John Marshall while at the same time we see the significant contributions of a number of hired guests to thicken and give variety to Ian's band's sound.

1. Elements I & II (2:12) full-on experimentation with the latest advances/offerings from the world of electronics: here a VCS3 synthesizer, courtesy of Keith Winter, joined by bowed double bass, flanged electric guitar notes, and metallic percussion noises. Interesting and, actually, rather structured! (4.5/5)

2. Changing Times (4:44) so many elements here that refer to other songs, other artists--like HERB ALPERT, OLATUNDE BABATUNJI, HUGH MASAKELA, BURT BACHARACH, and so many others An absolutely brilliant blend of so many styles and sounds: like a brief history of Jazz-Rock music! I'm glad! If anyone in the early Fusion world had a grip on where Jazz-Rock Fusion was coming from and the many, many arms and tentacles it could reach into, it was Ian Carr. A complete visionary! (9/10)

3. Bedrock Deadlock (6:52) opens sounding like a song from mediæval church music with oboe and bowed double bass dancing around one another in a kind of pre-tango pairs dance. Quite lovely--and brilliant! At 1:49, then, the classical music intro ends, there is a pause, and then a full band jumps into a weird motif that forces enters the listener to enter into a mish-mash of early-Beatles psychedelia. At 3:48 a horn section of saxes starts up a new expression of the main melodies--which is then countered by Ian Carr's own competing melody presentation from a horn section that he leads. Mix into the weave Chris Spedding and Jeff Clyne's own competing thread and we have a really cool, really beautiful weave of doubled up melodies--all supported by the rhythm play of John Marshall's drums paired up with Chris Karan's conga play. Cool mathematical exercise! (9.5/10)

4. Spirit Level (9:20) opening with another anachronistic weave of multiple "old" instruments that lasts about 60 seconds before turning into a little sprite-like dance between guests Tony Roberts' bass clarinet and Ron Matthewson's bass--which goes on for about two and a half minutes while late-night jazz brushed drums eventually join in as well as harmonically-arranged horn section. The bass clarinet and bass continue on well into the sixth minute before the band slides into a slightly more substantial jazz motif with sticks being used on the drum kit and Ian stepping up into the lead position while Chris Spedding, Ron Matthewson, Chris Karan, and the other horn players all fall into interestingly creative support roles. Another interesting song that sounds and feels like a journey through several time periods and styles. (18/20)

5. Torso (6:12) a song that feels somewhat rooted in the popular "beach rock" that became popular in the 1960s. There is also a Spanish hue to the song--quite like the Animals version of the classic tune, "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" (and the later version by Santa Esmeralda) as well as The Mamas And The Papas' chords from "California Dreamin'" and future [June of 1971] hit, "One Fine Morning" by Canadian band Skylark. A real rousing, rollicking, and engaging tune that makes you want to get up and move! (9.5/10)

6. Snakehips Dream (15:16) a song that starts out as if borrowing an old James Brown R&B motif to ge t started: bass, drums, two rhythm guitar tracks (on the left: more rhythm-oriented with lots of strumming of fast-changing chords; on the right with more jazz sounds and intonations. I'm guessing that Eumir Deodato and his guitarist John Tropea had this in mind when playing/recording for "Also Sprach Zarathustra (2001)"). Weird to just be noticing how there are virtually no keyboards on this album! The first four minutes of this are just as described: all R&B exploration of a theme, but then horns enter and start to fill some spaces and accent others until Brian Smith branches off into the sunlight to posit a smooth tenor sax solo over the hep R&B jam. At the 8:00 mark two different horn groups break off to perform a call-and-response passage that serves as a bridge to Ian's turn to solo--this time on a flugelhorn. Meanwhile, Chris Spedding's two guitar tracks continue to improvise, exploring and entertaining just beneath the lead and rhythm sections. (27/30) Total Time: 44:36

As suggested above, Ian Carr's vision for Jazz-Rock Fusion's potential is about as complete as anyone's that I've encountered: where others are imitators or simply jumping on a bandwagon with the other "cool kids" (like Miles, Freddie Hubbard, Art Farmer, Sonny Rollins, Herbie Mann, Jack DeJohnette, Donald Byrd and even Herbie Hancock (who was really more into exploring the latest and greatest technologies), Ian is actually totally committed, invested, and immersed in the movement--which I really admire. On Solar Plexus one can see Ian growing: spanning two worlds at the same time, with one foot still drawing from all that was fresh and innovative in the pop-jazz world of the 1960s while the other is in the forward-thinking, potential-realizing of his own imagination.

A-/five stars; another minor masterpiece of cutting-edge, exploratory Jazz-Rock Fusion from one of the true leaders and apostles of the movement.

In effect a NUCLEUS album, I can see, however, how/why Ian Carr dropped that moniker for this album in that only one musician (other than himself) remains from the original Nucleus albums (Elastic Rock and We'll Talk about it Later). (Brian Smith.)

1. "Belladonna" (13:42) an album that sounds very much as if it is taking its cues and inspiration from the post-Bitches Brew work of Joe Zawinul & Wayne Shorter (who had just launched their WEATHER REPORT project with both the self- titles debut and 1972 release, I Sing the Body Electric, both having been released prior to Belladonna's July recording sessions) and especially, Herbie Hancock, whose Mwandishi and Crossings albums had also both been released prior to Belladonna's recording sessions. (In case you were wondering, Chick Corea's Return to Forever album had its European release in September of 1972, two months after, Belladonna came out.) While Brian Smith's soprano sax is the real start of this show, Gordon Beck's peaceful Hohner electric piano is a key component to its success. While Brian's play and melodies are quite pleasing, even enjoyable, the song never gets elevated into anything but a long late night contemplative--and, perhaps a fitting inspiration for Vangelis Papathanassiou for the spacey "New Age" music that would occupy his attention for the rest of his life. (26.333/30)

2. "Summer Rain" (6:13) after a 90-second slow and deliberated intro in which Ian's trumpet and Brian's tenor sax set the melodic groundwork, this song is blessed by a dynamic breakout performance on the "dirty" Fender Rhodes by a Kiwi age-mate of Ian's, Dave MacRae (who would stay with Ian for the next three Ian Carr/Nucleus albums). I find myself not only absolutely mesmerized by this piece, but actually loving both the sound and melodies created by Dave and his Fender Rhodes. (It's the same sound that French downtempo chillout band AIR used so successfully on their massively-popular 1998 debut album, Moon Safari.) Bass, jazz guitar (mixed far-left into the background) and chill drums progress throughout the length of the song. Weird to hear Allan Holdsworth--the Allan Holdsworth--relegated to playing rhythm/background jazz guitar using neither his own trademark scales nor his own "trademark" sound. (9.6667/10)

3. "Remadione" (3:48) flutes take up a full two minutes of this song's opening while dirty Fender Rhodes electric piano (L) and more rock/proggy lead electric guitar gently support. The third and fourth minutes see the full band engage in another AIR-like downtempo motif while Dave and Allan ramp up considerably their "duel." (9/10)

4. "Mayday" (5:41) opening with the "Shaft"-like cymbal play and over all sound of Bitches Brew and Mwandishi/Crossings, Allan is strumming away wildly in the background while Dave MacRae and Gordon Beck. At 3:35 the band's rhythm section feels as if it finally "falls into" the song's main motif--which is an awesome jazz-rock groove while Brian continues soloing. The finish is tailed off with a coordinated horn section riff and poof! It's over! I'm not so great a fan of Brian's sax solo (most of the time I don't even hear it) but the bass and double keyboard play are awesome. (9.125/10)

5. "Suspension" (6:15) opening tracks dedicated to bamboo flutes, electric pianos, and percussion sounds is kind of cool--definitely evoking garden and/or Japanese/Asian images/feelings. Roy Babbington's bass enters around 1:15, soloing on its own as if trying to find its place in the mix, but then suddenly at 1:55 he "falls into" a steady riff that becomes the foundation for the rest of the song--and which Allan Holdsworth doubles up with his own lowest octave strings. Meanwhile the bamboo flute and Gordon Beck's dreamy Hohner electric piano continue to explore the background but now we add Ian's trumpet up front left and, soon, Dave MacRae's dirty Fender Rhodes in the right channel. The bamboo flutes disappear as Ian and the two electric pianos continue to explore their passions on their own tracks with their own separately effected instruments (Dave's Rhodes getting particularly wild--sounding like a wile organ or heavily-treated lead guitar). Despite a rather mundane and pastoral opening, this one became something quite interesting--especially with that cool Fender Rhodes sound flailing aggressively away in the final third. (9.125/10)

6. "Hector's House" (4:33) though definitely firmly rooted in the rock traditions, this one has one of the more convincing jazz-rock feels to it--all built on a riff and motif that is not so far from the opening song, "Song for the Bearded Lady" from We'll Talk about it Later. Brian Smith really tears an awesomely-smooth high-speed performance on his soprano sax in the second and third minutes while Allan Holdworth really rips up the soundwaves in the fourth with his jazz-rock guitar shredding. Once again there are such highs in this song to offset the lows/deficiencies. (9.125/10)

Total Time: 40:12

One of the most significant outcomes of the making of this album is the meeting of young Allan Holdsworth and elder statesman Gordon Beck as the two would forge a life-long friendship that would result in their collaboration on no less than four albums over the next few decades.

A-/five stars; a minor masterpiece of highly-creative First or Second Wave Jazz-Rock Fusion.

French violinist records an album for MPS in the Netherlands with an international all-star cast. Here we find Didier deciding to reach backward toward a more classic acoustic-oriented jazz, sounding very much like the music Stéphane Grappelli and the great European jazz violinists of the 1950s and 60s. Didier even goes so far as to cover several jazz "classics"--as if he feels he has to prove himself to the Jazz community.

1. "Vieux Pape" (5:19) opening with a sound palette and style that sounds completely acoustic Sixties, this Didier composition is highly melodic and richly-full with the busy, virtuosic jazz musicianship of pianist Gordon Beck, bassist Niels-Henning Orsted-Pedersen, and drummer extraordinaire, Tony Williams while Didier puts in a performance that would make him worthy for competition with the great Jean-Luc Ponty. Beck's wonderful piano play is capped by a solo that finds me thinking of the late, great Chick Corea. Lovely! Then Niels-Henning Orsted-Pedersen takes a turn in the spotlight and he's also quite wonderful--projecting lovely melody despite moving along the fretboard of his stand-up double bass at breakneck speeds. (9.25/10)

2. "Autumn Leaves" (5:24) a fully-jazz expression of the jazz classic (which was originally composed by Frenchmen Joseph Kosma and lyricist Jacques Prévoert when titled "Les feiulles mortes"--meaning "dead leaves"). Great performances--especially if you like high quality jazz musicianship. Also, I never really realized how wonderfully this song's main melody lends itself to expression on the acoustic violin. A kind of revelation! Gordon Beck's pristine solo in the second minute is so clean, crisp and yet beautiful. And Niels-Henning Orsted-Pedersen's walking bass line so perfect for holding it all together. (9.3333/10)

3. "La Manufacture De Sucre Engloutie" (3:50) gorgeous piano chord play opens this song--a composition credited to both Gordon Beck and Didier. Listening to this song truly is like being in the presence of humans possessed with a direct line to otherworldly beauty. I can definitely see how anomolous music mathematician Allan Holdsworth forged such a deep and lasting bond with Mr. Beck. (9.75/10)

4. "New World" (5:04) composed by Didier's brother, Francis, the ensemble really has fun with this one--especially, methinks, Didier and Tony. A great listen of impressive musicianship. (9.25/10)

5. "The Last Blade Of Grass" (4:26) the first song to sound a little like J-R Fusion with electrified violin, electric guitars, this song is attributed to guest fusion guitarist Jean-Michel Kajdan. Jean-Michel's performance is particularly impressive for its fiery dexterity as well as emotional expressiveness. Matter of fact, the rest of the band seem rather sleepy when set beside J-M's play: as if they're all stunned, standing in jaw-on-the-floor shock, as they go through their motions perfunctorily while Jean-Michel plays. In fact, it takes a full 20-to-30 seconds after Jean-Michel pauses for the others to re-focus and put some passion back into their own play--including the next soloist himself (Didier)! In the end, everybody gets up to speed and the song finishes well, but those first two minutes were extraordinary! (9.3333/10)

6. "My Memories Of You" (5:40) interesting that this Francis Lockwood-penned song title and sound, chord progressions all sound like a song of a similar name that would find its way onto Vangelis Pappathanassiou's soundtrack for the 1982 sci-fi film Blade Runner. This duet between the Lockwood brothers finds the one using electrified violin, the other using a standard grand piano. (8.875/10)

7. "Giant Steps" (2:10) an interesting sprint through one of the giants of jazz history. (4.5/5)

8. "Pent-up House" (2:31) a Sonny Rollins song that Django Reinhardt and Stéphane Grappelli made their own on which guitarist John Etheridge quite capably takes the role of Django, while Didier, of course, takes that of Stéphane. Quite a respectful and faithful rendering. (9.125/10)

9. "Zbiggy" (6:55) a tribute to the recently-deceased Polish-born jazz violinist Zbigniew Seifert. Perishing of cancer at the age of 32, "Zbiggy" had been an early pioneer of electrified violin sounds and an active member of the "free jazz" movement though he contributed significantly to the J-R Fusion albums of Volker Kriegel, Jan "Ptaszyn" Wróbleweski, Jasper van 't Hof, Joachim Kühn, Hans Koller, Charlie Mariano, and Glenn Moore's Oregon. Didier's song here allows his collaborators (Tony Williams, John Etheridge, Gordon Beck, and Niels-Henning Orsted-Pedersen) to also pay tribute to their lost compatriot. Kind of a two-chord high-speed, dynamic vamp that allows for lots of soloing. (13.375/15)

Total Time: 41:19

It's all great acoustic jazz--maybe "rock" can be tagged onto the descriptive referents, but it's really just jazz. To me, this album is more of a retrospective tribute to Jazz history than a step forward in the evolution of Jazz-Rock Fusion. At the same time, after repeated listens I've come to appreciate the absolute genius of the performances of these jazz stalwarts. Beautiful!

A/five stars; while not what I would consider an expression or full-fledged Jazz-Rock Fusion, this is without a doubt a wonderful expression of music, musicianship, and jazz of the absolute highest quality and must, therefore, be extolled as a masterpiece of music--general Götterdämmerung-ed music--no matter what genre or category you choose to assign it to.

Here we find Dr. Eddie teaming up with several of his previous collaborators from both the Mwandishi days but even a Headhunter or two--including the one and only Herbie Hancock.

1. "Butterfly" [Herbie Hancock] (8:05) a remake of the Herbie Hancock "classic" (even though it's only four years old) with its creator taking part in the modernized version (as well as several Mwandishi alumni and Bennie Maupin who was one of the original Headhunters, too!) I love all of the innovative sounds Herbie, synth specialist John Bowen, and guitarist Ray Obiedo are employing to funk-up and "modernize" the song. So funny to have these songs re-covered A) so soon after their initial entry into pop consciousness and B) by members of the original lineup now four years "older"! LOL! It's even been discofied a bit! Though it is definitely different than the original, it's still a great song. (Perhaps its just one of those songs that you can never ruin no matter how you choose to approach it.) (14/15)

2. "Cyclops" [James Mtume] (5:18) Eddie and his record company felt good enough about this song to have released it as a 45-single! It's definitely catchy--like the instrumental ear candy that many jazz fusion artists were turning toward at this time--before Jazz-Rock Fusion was being spilled over into Smooth Jazz, Disco Funk, Adult Contemporary, Yacht Rock, 80s R&B and Hip-Hop, and even New Age. It feels as if the piano chords in this song were lifted directly off of the master tapes for the 1984 Soul/R&B hit song "Hey DJ" by The World Famous Supreme Team. It is a great, fun, highly enjoyable listen. (9.333/10)

3. "Emotions" [Eddie Henderson] (4:59) gentle yet sophisticated with Paul Jackson's bass notes and bass harmonics forming much of the foundation with percussive drum play turning to full kit use in the second minute. Eddie's flugelhorn lead is quite melodic--quite like hearing a human voice pronounce its words quite intentionally. The involvement of the rest of the band seems minimal, other than Herbie's Fender Rhodes. (9/10)

4. "Prance On" [James Mtume] (5:16) another Mtume song that falls right into the Disco world that James would stick with throughout the 80s, there are CHIC-like clavinet, rhythm guitar strains, and background synth "strings" accents and flourishes that would become absorbed and exploited fully by Michael Jackson's songwriting/production crew from here (Off the Wall) through Thriller, but the bass is all disco and novelty Funk-Soul/R&B. Overall, it's a little too drawn out and monotonous. (8.875/10)

5. "Amoroso" [Bennie Maupin] (5:38) interesting funk R&B with some novelty sounds covered by some great percussion and trumpet play. Using a fairly dull, straightforward drum "program" the syncopation comes complete from the horns and bass teaming up to carry the melodic rhythm track while Herbie and muted Eddie solo among the flurries of other contributors sneaking in their inputs. (8.875/10)

6. "Mahal" [Eddie Henderson] (4:27) I'm not sure where Eddie was at this time in his life but I find it interesting that the three compositions credited to him on this album are all rather slow, gentle, and tender. Love? Loss? Sadness? Transition? How does the doctor use his music for therapy? There are wonderfully tender inputs from Herbie (muted clavinet), John Bowen (Oberheim strings), Julian Priester, and Paul Jackson on this lovely little tune. (9/10)

7. "Ecstasy" [Eddie Henderson] (3:25) dreamy Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood-like fairy dust coming from Herbie's JOHNNY COSTA-like Fender Rhodes is the only support Eddie uses to express his ruminative mood--like something from FRANK SINATRA's masterpiece of late-night regret, In the Wee Small Hours, or Freddie Hubbard on several of his song remakes on next year's The Love Connection. I really like contemplative songs like this: makes me think that some humans (without the aide of alcohol) are really thinking about their lives. A rather beautiful duet but not really anything contributing to the expansion of the Jazz-Rock Fusion idiom. (8.75/10)

Total Time: 37:08

A-/4.5 stars; a near-masterpiece of Third-entering-upon-Fourth Wave Jazz-Rock Fusion that illustrates that Eddie (and Herbie) are still committed to continuing to push the boundaries of that which is possible for the movement.